![]() ![]() A substantial number of studies provides further evidence of the crucial role played by PPS in everyday experience. Accordingly, the investigation of PPS is critical to the study of psychopathology, in particular anxiety disorders such as phobias and trauma-related disorders, where fear responses and/or altered states of bodily self-consciousness play a crucial role. Interestingly, PPS can also be viewed as a “defensive zone,” activating bodily alarm reactions when PPS boundaries are surpassed or violated ( Holmes and Spence, 2004 Graziano and Cooke, 2006 Sambo et al., 2012 de Haan et al., 2016). PPS thus represents an aspect of bodily self-consciousness that emerges and changes with the flow of experience ( Noel et al., 2015b, 2018b). In order to engage in such a complex task, we need to integrate visual, auditory, tactile, interoceptive, and proprioceptive stimuli from our own body and from the environment, thereby not only constantly monitoring our body location in space but also scrutinizing changes occurring in the surrounding space ( Salomon et al., 2017). It is a fundamental characteristic of our everyday life, where we move through space to reach our goals, interact with other individuals, avoid colliding with objects or other people, and act in a way that protects our bodies from potential incoming threats ( de Haan et al., 2016). ![]() Peripersonal space (PPS) refers to the space surrounding the body where we can reach or be reached by external entities, including objects or other individuals ( Rizzolatti et al., 1997 Brozzoli et al., 2012b). Accordingly, we review here: (1) the behavioral and neurobiological literature surrounding trauma-related disorders and its relevance to PPS and (2) outline future research directions aimed at examining altered states of bodily self-consciousness in trauma related-disorders. Specifically, PPS representation in trauma-related disorders, where altered states of consciousness can involve dissociation from the body and its surroundings, have not been investigated. Although the defensive role of the PPS has been observed in psychopathology (e.g., in phobias) the relation between PPS and altered states of bodily consciousness remains largely unexplored. The underpinnings of PPS have been investigated largely in human models and in animals and include the operation of dedicated multimodal neurons (neurons that respond specifically to co-occurring stimuli from different perceptive modalities, e.g., auditory and tactile stimuli) within brain regions involved in sensorimotor processing (ventral intraparietal sulcus, ventral premotor cortex), interoception (insula), and visual recognition (lateral occipital cortex). Accordingly, PPS represents a key aspect of social cognitive processes operational when we interact with other people (for example, in a dynamic dyad). Such abilities appear especially crucial when an external entity (a sound, an object, or a person) is approaching us, thereby allowing the assessment of the salience of a potential incoming threat. Multisensory processing plays a critical role in PPS representation, facilitating not only to situate ourselves in space but also assisting in the localization of external entities at a close distance from our bodies. PPS is an essential component of bodily self-consciousness that allows us to perform actions in the world (e.g., grasping and manipulating objects) and protect our body while interacting with the surrounding environment. ![]() Peripersonal space (PPS) is defined as the space surrounding the body where we can reach or be reached by external entities, including objects or other individuals. 6Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, Canada.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada 3Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.2Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.1Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada. ![]()
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